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Every kilometer drive costs 25 cents against 9 cents per person on average using public transportation, according to a study of FNAUT. A subway train, Porte de Versailles.

Car travel cost on average three times more expensive than those made by public transport, regardless of fuel costs that weigh less in the budget of the French, according to a study by the National Federation of users transport (FNAUT). For journeys of less than 80 km, which represent the bulk of daily journeys by car every mile costs 25 cents against 9 cents per person on average using public transport (bus and B), according to the calculations presented Friday by author of the study, the transport economist Jean-Marie Beauvais.  

In detail, the use of public transport in provincial cities is more expensive (13 cents per passenger) in Ile-de-France (11 cents) or the travel TER (7 cents). "It is estimated that the province of urban public transport is roughly two to three times cheaper than the car, transportation Ile 3 to 4 times cheaper and TER to six times cheaper (Lyon – Saint- Etienne), "said the FNAUT. The Economist has compiled and cross several public data to calculate the actual cost of the use of a car taking into account wear and tear, maintenance, repairs, insurance …

Implement congestion charges

The study, which reviews the evolution of transportation costs from the 70, also reveals a surprising fact: the share of fuel costs in the budget of the French fell for 30 years. "Today, it costs three times less than 100 km to thirty years ago" in terms of purchasing power, noted Jean Sivardière, president of the FNAUT, during the presentation to the press. Indeed, "wages have risen faster than gasoline prices and tax rates have weakened," he said. "This has increased the most, is the maintenance and repair of vehicles, not fuel," confirmed Mr. Beauvais, stating that in 1970, to pay for a liter of gasoline needed to work 22 minutes against 8 minutes in 2010.

"The car is much more expensive than what the driver believes," because there is a difference between the actual cost and what it feels to spend (tolls, parking, gasoline), Mr. Sivardière develops. However, public transport accounted for only 12% of short journeys. To encourage drivers to use them, the advocates FNAUT rising cost of car use, track "legitimate and necessary" for Mr. Sivardière. Among the measures he mentioned: the introduction of congestion charging, increasing the price of parking in the city or the rise of the TIPP (domestic tax on petroleum products) Regional.

Aware of the unpopularity of these measures while gasoline prices are at historic highs, Mr. Sivardière suggestion is to extend the practice of "eco-driving" techniques to conduct more flexible, which would allow a fuel economy by 15%. Logically, the association is opposed to the blocking of gas prices or the TIPP proposed by some candidates in the presidential election as Francois Hollande, a supporter of the price freeze or Marine Le Pen, who wants to reduce the TIPP. "Reducing the TIPP 20% as proposed by Marine Le Pen would cost 3 billion euros annually to the state," said Mr. Sivardière.

The Competition Authority said Tuesday it has imposed penalties amounting to 242.4 million euros for French and German millers for a double price fixing, limiting the production and distribution of customers in the market for the flour bag.

Following a survey of nearly three years, the competition watchdog found that French and German millers referred had concluded a "Pact of mutual non-aggression" to to limit mutual access to their respective national markets for flour in bag, says in a statement.

Thirteen companies in total, five French and German eight, were sanctioned in this aspect of the case, which covers the period 2002-2008, a total of 95.5 million euros. 

Among French companies fined include flour France, the trademark owner Francine, to 8.3 million, Grands Moulins de Paris for 11.8 million or Axiane Milling (Banette) for 19.9 million.

Meanwhile, the Competition Authority found that the millers had secured a "lock" the French market in bags of flour through joint ventures and Bach Flour France Mühle, to commercialize their production.

"Joint ventures are not prohibited in general, she says: they can be the seat of efficiencies and help streamline some segments of production or marketing of products. But in this instance, flour and France Mühle Bach had intended a real agreement on the price of flour and the allocation of customers between millers. "

This track seven millers have been punished for an amount of 146.9 million euros, including 44.0 million for Axiane Milling, Euromill 35.2 million for North and 24 , 6 million for Great Mills of Paris

. Investigations into the practices of the market for bakery continue and will result in a subsequent decision, says the Competition Authority

.

The major emerging powers of the world have publicly rejected Sunday the principle that the presidency of the World Bank amounts to a de facto American personality and said consider making their own application when the mandate expires Robert Zoellick.

The finance ministers of all BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) met this weekend on the sidelines of the G20 summit held in Mexico and came to ; the conclusion that the presidency of the World Bank, Robert Zoellick will leave in June, must be open to all countries. 

"Nominations should be based on merit and not on nationality," he told reporters the Brazilian Finance Minister Guido Mantega.

Another official of a member of all BRICS said that consideration would be engaged on the relevance of a joint bid in the competition to be proposed by the U.S. . "It's certainly a discussion we have," he said.

An unwritten rule that dates back to the end of World War II is that the United States occupies the presidency of the World Bank while the International Monetary Fund amounts to a European.

The issue of maintaining the rule has already arisen when replacing Dominique Strauss-Kahn to head IMF, while emerging powers are playing an increasingly important the global economy. Senior management is finally returned to the French Christine Lagarde.

"It's time to break with old traditions wishing that the United States and the European Union share the two seats this time and we must make greater efforts to reach a consensus," said South African Minister of Finance Pravin Gordhan.

Robert Zoellick warned in February that he would not seek a second five-year term. Countries have until March 23 to submit their nominations to the estate.

The United States said they would present a candidate but have not yet voted on its name.

The names of former U.S. Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers, the current Secretary of State Hillary Clinton or the U.S. ambassador to the UN Susan Rice were e ; immediately proceeded.

The Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said, however was not interested in this position.

The World Bank is the primary global institution responsible for providing development aid to poorer countries.

Values ​​to follow on Wednesday at the Paris Bourse:

* BNP Paribas has announced a net profit halved in the fourth quarter, to 765 million euros, mainly because of a new provisioning on Greece and a significant contraction of its profits in corporate banking and investment because of the crisis in the euro area.

* PSA announced new savings and a comprehensive plan for asset sales, including a partial Gefco, to counter the group's financial position after a 2011 financial year marked by a relapse of re ; net result. 

* DANONE said address with confidence after 2012 achieved its growth targets for 2011 thanks to its good performance in emerging markets where the Group currently generates more than half of its sales.

* AREVA. The internal audit by the nuclear group on the controversial acquisition of the mining company Uramin concluded that a lack of governance and information but does not revealed information indicating the rumors of fraud.

* EADS – Tom Enders, the CEO of Airbus, said he had ordered an internal investigation into the cracks in the wings of the A380 superjumbo.

* M6 hearings on behalf of its flagship chain to pull out of the game in a context sensitive advertising that promises this year, said Chief Financial Officer Jerome LEFE ; bure. 

* PAGESJAUNES announced that its board would propose as an exceptional pass the dividend for 2011, after registering a decline in its revenues and profit margins last year.

* FINANCIAL VALUES – Finance ministers from the euro area agreed by phone to abandon plans to meet Wednesday on the Greek case, announced the president of the Eurogroup Jean-Claude Juncker, adding that another meeting would be held on February 20.

The European Central Bank (ECB) decided to redistribute the profits from its Greek bonds to member states of the euro area, which could then decide to lend to new exhibitions ties as part of an agreement on debt, said Luc Coene, a member of the Governing Council of the ECB. 

* INSURERS – China will implement a major reform of its financial sector which will open the Chinese market for car insurance, said U.S. Vice President Joe Biden.

* CYCLING – The first estimate of economic growth in the euro zone in the fourth quarter will be published at 11am, and the trade balance in the region. At 14:30, the Empire State index of February will be announced in the U.S. before the figures of industrial production in January to 15.15 and the NAHB housing index from February to 16h.

In France, the economy grew by 0.2% in the fourth quarter of 2011 compared to the previous three months, a figure higher than expected, according to the given ; are preliminary national accounts published by INSEE.

* Carrefour has filed with the AMF (AMF), through Credit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank and Societe Generale, its proposed takeover of Guyenne and Gascogne. 

* BIC has forecast a restated operating margin of the group in 2012 "close to the record level reached in 2011" after last year's increase of 14.7% its net profit at 237.9 million euros. The group will propose an ordinary dividend of 2.20 euros per share (+15.8%) and a special dividend of 1.80 euro per share.

* BIOMERIEUX study confirmed the hypothesis of its strategic plan for 2015 but said that its outlook for 2012 were in line with the plan, which forecasts growth annual organic sales of 7 to 9% on average.

BP took advantage Tuesday of the publication of a quarterly profit in line with expectations that it was preparing to fight "vigorously" complaints related to oil spill Spring 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico, which will begin to be heard at the end of the month.

Bob Dudley, chief executive of the British oil company, said that BP was ready to settle amicably "based on fair terms and reasonable "the 600 lawsuits filed against him by individuals and the Federal government.

The hearings is scheduled Feb. 27 in New Orleans. 

BP, Europe's number two oil in terms of market capitalization, has raised $ 1.8 billion, 43 billion (33 billion euros), the cost of cleaning of the worst oil spill off the U.S..

BP, which said it was almost done cleaning, added that the contributions of its partners involved in the disaster it would end in 2012, one year earlier than expected, payments to a compensation fund of $ 20 billion.

The explosion of the drilling platform Deepwater Horizon, April 20, 2010, was 11 dead and dumped more than four million barrels of oil. 

BP also said it raised its quarterly dividend by one cent, bringing it to eight hundred in favor of strong cash flow generated by the rise in Gross.

"This is a positive sign of confidence in the improved operating performance," said Tony Shepard, analyst specializing in oil at Charles Stanley.

Around 24:50 GMT, BP lost over 1% to 483.8 pence, while the index grouping the values ​​of European oil yielded 0.6%.

For the fourth quarter 2011, BP reported a profit at replacement cost of 7.606 billion dollars, a figure boosted by a contribution of four billion Anadarko linked the oil spill, against 4.614 billion a year earlier. 

Excluding items, the quarterly result was up 14% to $ 4.99 billion, compared with 4.89 billion expected by the market according to Thomson Reuters consensus I / B / E / S.

Royal Dutch Shell announced last week a 18% increase in quarterly profit and ExxonMobil adjusted up 2%.

The Chinese government announced Monday that he forbade Chinese airlines to participate in the program of the European Union to tax carbon emissions quota in air transport.

Announced by the official news agency New China, the decision of the State Council, the equivalent of government, highlights the litigation around this measure taken to help reduce e missions of greenhouse gases. 

"China hopes that Europe will act in light of broader issues that are the answer to climate change, sustainable development of international aviation and Sino-European relations, enhancing cooperation and coordination to find an appropriate solution acceptable to both parties ", said an official of New China Chinese rule of civil aviation.

"Similarly, depending on developments, the Chinese side will also consider the implementation of measures necessary to protect the interests of the people and Chinese companies," Has he added. 

Since 1 January, all airlines flying from airports in the EU are subject to a trading system of emission quotas for greenhouse gas .

Any company failing to observe these rules is liable to a tax of 100 euros per tonne of carbon emitted quota allowed. The EU ban of up to serve European airports.

Last month, the China Air Transport Association (CATA) announced that Chinese companies would not participate in this so-called ETS (Emission Trading Scheme for) and that estimated from CATA, would cost a hundred million Chinese companies in its first year and more than triple by 2020.

Investors continue to play it safe Friday in anticipation of monthly U.S. employment. European stock exchanges are small increase after opening slightly lower in the wake of the fence undecided on Wall Street, while the Tokyo Stock Exchange ended in decline after three sessions of consecutive increases.

The CAC 40, FTSE 100 and Dax earn around 0.5% each.

Economists expect 150,000 new jobs in January after the U.S. 200,000 in December and the unemployment rate unchanged at 8.5%.

Confirmation of a return in the expansion zone PMI services in the euro zone supports the trend in equity markets. The UK data in this area are already very encouraging. Some investors say the euro area will fall ultimately not in recession.

In the Greek case where we waited for a decision Monday, the European Central Bank (ECB) is studying how to contribute to the bailout of Greece and Athens could return to profit perc us on Greek bonds it holds, by circumventing the prohibition on direct funding of States.

"For now, the anticipation of abundant liquidity in the coming weeks (thank you central banks!) Maintains positive momentum for equities. (…) The CAC 40 is testing the resistance of 3,400 points and long-term moving average to 200 scholarships. The trend remains positive as the index evolves over its oblique upward, "said Franklin Pichard, Barclays Bourse France.

VOLVO earns 1.8%. The Swedish manufacturer of heavy trucks has yet reported an operating profit below expectations for the fourth quarter of 2011.

BT wins 3.4% after the announcement by the British telecoms operator of a result up under its third fiscal quarter despite a decline in billings.

LVMH lost 0.32%, a victim of profit taking after the publication of its 2011 results.

In Tokyo, Sony has awarded more than 8% to 1,435 yen. Investors welcomed the appointment of a new CEO, despite a loss in profit forecast.

The euro has risen more frank in the early morning, well installed above $ 1.31 and approaching $ 1.32 in anticipation of employment figures States United.

Investors are undecided before the employment figures USD.

Oil prices are supported by rumors of Israeli raid on Iran and the threat of retaliation wielded by the Supreme Leader of Islamic Revolution, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, in the face ; the oil embargo "in time". and

The title Benetton was suspended Thursday in early trading on the Milan Stock Exchange after having risen sharply in early trade, while the Benetton family wants to buy out the minority to remove the group of ready-to-wear Italian coast. The action was set up from 19.7% to 4.85 euros, above the 4.60 euro proposed Wednesday by the family to carry out this operation. The price used represents a premium of 15.6% over the course of last Tuesday, the day the buyout of minority interests was announced. The rating action was suspended until the opening on Thursday.

BSkyB, Britain's first pay-TV, was up in London Stock Exchange Tuesday after the publication of results that are robust under its fiscal first half. </ P> " It's better than expected across the board and those sold on expectations of disappointing results will now seek to buy to take advantage of opportunities for long-term growth, "said Atif Latif, head equity and derivatives trading at Guardian Stockbrokers. </ p> BSkyB has released an operating profit up 16% to 601 million pounds (718 million), for a turnover up 6% to 3.4 billion pounds.</ P> In London, the share rose nearly 3% to 684.1 pence in late morning, in a market up 0.9% after underperformed since the beginning of the year. </ p> Investors were concerned to pay high tariffs for the retransmission of market ; s football, high investment to be made in the fiber optics and new entrants such as video sites Netflix and Lovefilm. </ p> Facing , this new competition, BSkyB announced Tuesday the launch of an online offer. The group is particularly the 13 million households who are not subscribers to its pay channels. </ P> BSkyB has managed to grow its results in the context e ; gloomy economic, attracting consumers on its sports channels, economic, and on the internet. However, this model begins to show signs of slowing in recent quarters. </ P> The figure of 40,000 net new customers in the second quarter is higher than the 26,000 the first quarter, but less ; Interior to 140,000 the second quarter of the previous year. Analysts had expected a net positive balance of 58,000 customers. </ P>

The new home sales fell 13% in the third quarter. At the same time, housing starts increased by 11%. Professionals denounce the consequences of the austerity measures the government. An employee on a construction site offices and accommodation in Marseille.

The new home sales by developers are still down in the third quarter. They fell in France by 12.9% yoy in the third quarter, according to the Ministry of Housing, which reported Tuesday alongside a 11.4% increase in housing starts and permits 22.6% built between August and October 2011.

For all of 2011, the number of new homes sold by developers to fall, according to Michel Mouillart, professor of economics at the University of Paris X-Nanterre, between 97,000 and 98,000 against 115,000 in 2010, a down 15%, far from the record 127,000 in 2007. In 2012, Mr. Mouillart expects a further decline to 85,000, far off the figure of the previous crisis (79,000 in 2008). "The year 2012, with 340,000 starts in 2012 against 350,000 in 2011 should mark a decline that feeds the decline in demand. To reverse this decline, it will be tough in the absence of public support for devices private construction, "said Michel Mouillart.